Week 2 Philosophical Paradoxes

Russel The problems of philosophy page 25

See also W. V. O. Quine

Examples of Paradox

Note

Linguistic meaning relationship with phil concepts
How a one-to-one mapping shall be established between language and phil

Seealso

推理既是获取新知识的过程,同时又似乎不可能从逻辑上包含于前提中的信息中产生新的知识。
What you have just done is using the same structure again, why am I justified to follow you and reason it?

附录:Nature of paradoxes

Paradox = inconsistent set of individually plausible propositions

The Sorites Paradox 沙堆谬误

Argument:

Seealso

如何理解沙堆悖论? - 奉奉奉的回答 - 知乎https://www.zhihu.com/question/356516585/answer/928354392

Proposed solutions:

生词

"Epistemological"(认识论的)和"epistemic"(知识论的)这两个词都与知识和认识过程的研究相关,但它们的用途和含义有细微差别。

  1. Epistemological(认识论的):这个词是形容词,源自于名词"epistemology"(认识论),指的是哲学的一个分支,专注于研究知识的本质、起源、结构、方法以及知识获取的有效性。当我们说某个问题或讨论是"epistemological",我们指的是它与探索或评估知识的理论和原则有关。

  2. Epistemic(知识论的):这个词同样是形容词,与知识(episteme)相关,强调的是与知识本身有关的属性或状态。"Epistemic"常用于描述与知识的验证、理解、或正当性相关的特性或条件。例如,"epistemic justification"(知识论的正当化)关注的是信念被接受为知识的条件。

尽管这两个词在某些语境下可以互换使用,但"epistemological"更多地用于指代认识论这一哲学领域本身及其相关的探讨,而"epistemic"则更侧重于与知识的性质、产生和评价标准有关的特性或问题。简而言之,"epistemological"关注的是认识论的哲学研究,而"epistemic"则更多关注于知识的质量和条件。

Heap, the Bald Man) [see Clark] Proposed solutions• Epistemicism (‘there exist sharp cut-off points; vagueness is ignorance’)• Degrees of truth (‘truth comes in degrees’)• Supervaluationism (‘vagueness requires higher-order truth values’) The problem of higher-order vagu
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